Ambuel, B., and S.A. Temple. 1983. Area-dependent changes in the bird communities
and vegetation of southern Wisconsin forests. Ecology 64:1057-1058.
Annand, E.M., and F.R. Thompson III. 1997. Forest bird response to regeneration
practices in central hardwood forests. J. Wildlife Management 61:159-171.
Arcese, P., J.N.M. Smith, and M.I. Hatch. 1996. Nest predation by cowbirds
and its consequences for passerine demography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
93:4608-4611.
Arcese, P., J.N.M. Smith, W.M. Hochachka, C.M. Rogers, and D. Ludwig. 1992.
Stability, regulation and the determination of abundance in an insular Song
Sparrow population. Ecology 73:805-822.
Barber, D.R., and T.E. Martin. 1997. Influence of alternate host densities on Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism rates in Black-capped Vireos. Condor 99:595-604.
Bazin, R.C., and S.G. Sealy. 1993. Experiments on the responses of a rejector
species to threats of predation and cowbird parasitism. Ethology 94:326-338.
Bielefeldt, J., and R.N. Rosenfield. 1997. Reexamination of cowbird parasitism and edge effects in Wisconsin forests. J. Wildl. Manage. 61:1222-1226.
Böhning-Gaese, K., T.L. Taper, and J.H. Brown. 1993. Are declines
in North American insectivorous songbirds due to causes on the breeding range?
Conservation Biology 7:76-86.
Braun, E.L. 1950. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Free Press, New York.
Brittingham, M.C., and S.A. Temple. 1983. Have cowbirds caused forest songbirds
to decline? BioScience 33:31-35.
Brittingham, M.C., and S.A. Temple. 1996. Vegetation around parasitized and non-parasitized nests within deciduous forest. J. Field Ornithology 67:406-413.
Burke, D.M. and E. Nol. 1998. Influence of food abundance, nest-site habitat, and forest fragmentation on breeding Ovenbirds. Auk 115:96-104.
Chasko, G.C., and J.E. Gates. 1982. Avian habitat suitability along a
transmission-line corridor in an oak-hickory forest region. Wildlife Monographs
82:1-41.
Clark, K.L., and R.J. Robertson. 1979. Spatial and temporal multi-species
nesting aggregations in birds as anti-parasite and anti-predator defenses.
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5:359-371.
Clotfelter, E.D. 1998. What cues do brown-headed cowbirds use to locate
red-winged blackbird host nests? Anim. Behav. 55:1181-1189.
DeSante, D.F. 1981. A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing
technique in a California coastal scrub breeding bird community. Studies
in Avian Biology 6:177-185.
Donovan, T.M. 1994. The demography of Neotropical migrant birds in habitat
sources and sinks. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Missouri, Columbia.
Donovan, T.M., P.W. Jones, E.M. Annand, and F.R. Thompson III. 1997. Variation
in local-scale edge effects: Mechanisms and landscape context. Ecology 78:2064-2075.
Dufty, A.M., Jr. 1982. Movements and activities of radio-tracked Brown-headed
Cowbirds. Auk 99:316-327.
Duguay, J.P., P.B. Wood, and J.V. Nichols 2001. Songbird abundance and
avian nest survival rates in forests fragmented by different silvicultural
treatments. Conservation Biology 15:1405-1415.
Elliott, P.F. 1980. Evolution of promiscuity in the Brown-headed Cowbird.
Condor 82:138-141.
Evans, D.R., and J.E. Gates. 1997. Cowbird selection of breeding areas: the role of habitat and bird species abundance. Wilson Bulletin 109:470-480.
Fenske-Crawford, T.J. and G.J. Niemi 1997. Predation of artificial ground
nests at two types of edges in a forest-dominated landscape. Condor 99:14-24.
Flaspohler, D.J., S.A. Temple, and R.N. Rosenfield 2001a. Effects of forest edge on Ovenbird demography in a managed forest landscape. Conservation Biology 15:173-183.
Flaspohler, D.J., S.A. Temple, and R.N. Rosenfield 2001b. Species-specific
edge effects on nest success and breeding bird density in a forested landscape.
Ecological Applications 11:32-466.
Fleischer, R.C., A.P. Smyth, and S.I. Rothstein. 1987. Temporal and age-related variation in the laying rate of the parasitic brown-headed cowbird in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Can. J. Zool. 65:2724-2730.
Ford, T.B., D.E. Winslow, D.R. Whitehead, and M.A. Koukol. 2001. Reproductive
success of forest-dependent songbirds near an agricultural corridor in south-central
Indiana. Auk 118:864-873.
Frazer, C.F. 1992. Factors influencing the habitat selection of breeding
birds in Hoosier National Forest, Indiana: Clearcutting and edges. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Freeman, S., D.F. Gori, and S. Rohwer. 1990. Red-winged Blackbirds and
Brown-headed Cowbirds: some aspects of a host-parasite relationship. Condor
92:336-340.
Fretwell, S.D., and H.L. Lucas, Jr. 1969. On territorial behavior and other
factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. I. Theoretical development.
Acta Biotheoretica 19:16-36.
Fretwell, S.D. 1972. Populations in a Seasonal Environment. Monographs in Population Biology no. 5. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Fretwell, S.D. 1977. Is the Dickcissel a threatened species? American Birds 31:923-932.
Gates, J.E., and Gysel, L.W. 1978. Avian nest dispersion and fledging success
in field-forest ecotones. Ecology 59:871-883.
Gokhale, D.V. and Kullback, S. 1978. The Information in Contingency Tables.
Marcel Dekker, New York.
Gottfried, B.M., and C.F. Thompson. 1978. Experimental analysis of nest predation in an old-field habitat. Auk 95:304-312.
Hann, H.W. 1941. The cowbird at the nest. Wilson Bulletin 53:210-221.
Hannon, S.J., and S.E. Cotterill. 1998. Nest predation in aspen woodlots
in an agricultural area in Alberta: The enemy from within. Auk 115:16-25.
Hensler, G.L., and J. D. Nichols 1981. The Mayfield method of estimating
nesting success: A model, estimators and simulation results. Wilson Bulletin
93:42-53.
Hines, J.E., and J.R. Sauer. Program CONTRAST - A General Program for the Analysis of Several Survival or Recovery Rate Estimates. US Fish & Wildlife Service, Fish & Wildlife Technical Report 24, Washington, DC.
Hixon, M.A. 1980. Food production and competitor density as the determinants
of feeding territory size. Am. Nat. 115:510-530.
Holling, C.S. 1959. The components of predation as revealed by a study
of small-mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Canadian Entomologist
91:293-320.
Holmes, R.T., T.W. Sherry, P.P. Marra, and K.E. Petit 1992. Multiple brooding
and productivity of a Neotropical migrant, the Black-throated Blue Warbler
(Dendroica caerulescens), in an unfragmented temperate forest. The
Auk 109:321-333.
Hoover, J.P., and M.C. Brittingham. 1993. Regional variation in cowbird
parasitism of Wood Thrushes. Wilson Bulletin 105:228-238.
Howlett, J.S., and B.J. Stutchbury. 1996. Nest concealment and predation in Hooded Warblers: Experimental removal of nest cover. Auk 113:1-9.
Huhta, E. and J. Jokimaki 2001. Breeding occupancy and success of two hole-nesting
passerines: The impact of fragmentation caused by forestry. Ecography 24:431-440.
Huxley, J.S. 1934. A natural experiment on the territorial instinct. British
Birds 27:270-277.
James, F.C., and C.E. McCulloch. 1995. The strength of inferences about
causes of trends in populations. Pp. 40-51 in Ecology and Management
of Neotropical Migratory Birds (T.E. Martin and D.M. Finch, eds.). Oxford
University Press, New York.
James, F.C., C.E. McCulloch, and D.A. Wiedenfeld. 1996. New approaches to the analysis of population trends in land birds. Ecology 77:13-27.
Lyon, B.E. 1997. Spatial patterns of Shiny Cowbird parasitism on Chestnut-capped
Blackbirds. Anim. Behav. 54:927-939.
Mark, D., and B.J. Stutchbury. 1994. Response of a forest-interior songbird
to the threat of cowbird parasitism, Anim. Behav. 47:275-280.
Mayfield, H. 1961. Nesting success calculated from exposure. Wilson
Bulletin 73:255-261.
Mayfield, H. 1965. The Brown-headed Cowbird, with old and new hosts.
Living Bird 4:13-28.
Mayfield, H. 1975. Suggestions for calculating nest success. Wilson
Bulletin 84:456-466.
Miles, R.K. 1995. Modeling the effects of landscape structure on the spatial
distribution of Brown-headed Cowbirds and nest parasitism in forest openings.
M.S. Thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Moore, F.R., and T.R. Simons. 1992. Habitat suitability and stopover ecology
of Neotropical landbird migrants. Pp. 345-355 in Ecology and Conservation
of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (J.M. Hagan III and D.W. Johnston, eds.).
Symposium of the Manomet Bird Observatory. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C.
Morse, S.F., and S.K. Robinson. 1999. Nesting success of a Neotropical
migrant in a multiple-use, forested landscape. Conservation Biology 13:327-337.
Nolan, V., Jr. 1978. The ecology and behavior of the Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor. Ornithological Monographs No. 26.
Norman, R.F., and R.J. Robertson. 1975. Nest-searching behavior in the
Brown-headed Cowbird. Auk 92:610-611.
O'Conner, R.J., and J. Faaborg. 1992. The relative abundance of the Brown-headed
Cowbird (Molothrus ater) in relation to exterior and interior edges
in forests of Missouri. Trans. Missouri Acad. Sci. 26:1-9.
Orians, G.H., E. Roskaft, and L.D. Beletsky. 1989. Do Brown-headed Cowbirds
lay their eggs at random in the nests of Red-winged Blackbirds? Wilson Bulletin
101:599-605.
Ortega, Y.K. and D.E. Capen 1999. Effects of forest roads on habitat quality
for Ovenbirds in a forested landscape. Auk 116:937-946.
Paton, P.W.C. 1994. The effect of edge on avian nest success: How strong is the evidence? Conservation Biology 8:17-26.
Peterjohn, B.G., J.R. Sauer, and C.S. Robbins. 1995. Population trends
from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Pp 3-39 in Ecology and
Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds (T.E. Martin and D.M. Finch, eds.).
Oxford University Press, New York.
Peer, B.D., and E.K. Bollinger. 1997. Explanations for the infrequent cowbird
parasitism on Common Grackles. Condor 99:151-161.
Petit, L.J., and D.R. Petit. 1999. Host selection by cowbirds in North
America: Adaptation to life history traits or ecological opportunism? Unpublished
manuscript.
Pribil, S., and J. Picman. 1997. Parasitism of House Wren nests by Brown-headed Cowbirds: Why is it so rare? Can. J. Zool. 75:302-307.
Pulliam, H.R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American
Naturalist 132:652-661.
Raim, A. 2000. Spatial patterns of breeding female Brown-headed Cowbirds on an Illinois site. Pp 87-99 in Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and their Hosts: Studies in the Conservation of North American Passerine Birds (J.N.M. Smith, T.L. Cook, S.I. Rothstein, S.K. Robinson, and S.G. Sealy, eds.). University of Texas Press, Austin.
Rappole, J.H., and V. McDonald. 1994. Cause and effect in population declines
of migratory birds. Auk 111:652-660.
Robinson, S.K. 1992. Population dynamics of breeding Neotropical migrants
in a fragmented Illinois landscape. Pp 408-418 in Ecology and Conservation
of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (J.M. Hagan III and D.W. Johnston, eds.).
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Robinson, S.K., J.A. Grzybowski, S.I. Rothstein, M.C. Brittingham, L.J.
Petit, and F.R. Thompson III. 1993. Management implications of cowbird parasitism
on Neotropical migrant songbirds. Pp 93-102 in Status and Management
of Neotropical migratory birds (D.A. Finch and P.W. Stangel, eds.). USDA
Forest Service General Technical Report RM -229.
Robinson, S.K., J.P. Hoover, and J.R. Herkert. 2000. Cowbird parasitism
in a fragmented landscape: Effects of tract size, habitat, and abundance
of cowbirds and hosts. Pp 280-297 in Ecology and Management of Cowbirds
and their Hosts: Studies in the Conservation of North American Passerine
Birds (J.N.M. Smith, T.L. Cook, S.I. Rothstein, S.K. Robinson, and S.G. Sealy,
eds.). University of Texas Press, Austin.
Robinson, S.K., F.R. Thompson III, T.M. Donovan, D.R. Whitehead, and J.
Faaborg. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of
migratory birds. Science 267:1987-1990.
Robinson, S.K. and W.D. Robinson 2001. Avian nesting success in a selectively harvested north temperate deciduous forest. Conservation Biology 15:1763-1771.
Rothstein, S.I. 1976. Cowbird parasitism of the Cedar Waxwing and its evolutionary
implications. Auk 93:498-509.
Rothstein, S.I., D.A. Yokel, and R.C. Fleischer. 1986. Social dominance, mating and spacing systems, female fecundity, and vocal dialects in captive and free-ranging Brown-headed Cowbirds. Current Ornithol. 3:127-185.
Sauer, J.R., and S. Droege. 1992. Geographic patterns in population trends
of Neotropical migrants in North America. Pp. 26-42 in Ecology and
Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (J.M. Hagan III and D.W. Johnston,
eds.). Symposium of the Manomet Bird Observatory. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C.
Sauer, J.R. and B.K. Williams 1989. Generalized procedures for testing
hypotheses about survival or recovery rates. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:137-142.
Sherry, T.W., and R.T. Holmes. 1992. Population fluctuations in a long-distance
Neotropical migrant: Demographic evidence for the importance of breeding
season events in the American Redstart. Pp. 431-442 in Ecology and
Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (J.M. Hagan III and D.W. Johnston,
eds.). Symposium of the Manomet Bird Observatory. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C.
Smith, J.N.M, and P. Arcese. 1994. Brown-headed Cowbirds and an island
population of Song Sparrows: A 16-year study. Condor 96:916-934.
SPSS. 1990. SPSS for VAX/VMS, Version 4.1. SPSS, Inc., Chicago.
Steel, R.G.D., and J.H. Torrie. 1981. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Singapore.
Strausberger, B.M. 1998. Temporal patterns of host availability, brown-headed
cowbird parasitism, and parasite egg mass. Oecologia 116:267-274.
Strausberger, B.M. and M.V. Ashley. 1997. Community-wide patterns of parasitism
of a host "generalist" brood-parasitic cowbird. Oecologia 112:254-262.
Suarez, A.V., K.S. Pfennig, and S.K. Robinson. 1997. Nesting success of
a disturbance-dependent songbird on different kinds of edges. Conserv. Biol.
11:928-935.
SYSTAT. 1992. SYSTAT for Windows, version 5. SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, IL.
Thompson, F.R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding Brown-headed
Cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.
Thompson, F.R., III, and W.D. Dijak. 2000. Differences in movements, home
range, and habitat preferences of female Brown-headed Cowbirds in three
Midwestern landscapes. Pp 100-109 in Ecology and Management of Cowbirds
and their Hosts: Studies in the Conservation of North American Passerine
Birds (J.N.M. Smith, T.L. Cook, S.I. Rothstein, S.K. Robinson, and S.G.
Sealy, eds.). University of Texas Press, Austin.
Thompson, F.R., III, S.K. Robinson, J.R. Faaborg, T.M. Donovan, D.R. Whitehead,
and D.R. Larson. 2000. Biogeographic, landscape, and local factors
affecting cowbird abundance and host parasitism levels. Pp. 271-279
in Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and their Hosts: Studies in
the Conservation of North American Passerine Birds (J.N.M. Smith, T.L. Cook,
S.I. Rothstein, S.K. Robinson, and S.G. Sealy, eds.). University of Texas
Press, Austin.
U.S. Forest Service. 1991. Plan Amendment, Land and Resource Management
Plan: Hoosier National Forest, p. 2-9.
Uyehara, J.C., and P.M. Narins. 1995. Nest defense by Willow Flycatchers
to brood-parasitic intruders. Condor 97:361-368.
Van Horn, M.A., R.M. Gentry, and J. Faaborg 1995. Patterns of ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) pairing success in Missouri forest tracts. Auk 112:98-106.
Vickery, P.D., M.L. Hunter, Jr., and J.V. Wells. 1992. Evidence of incidental
nest predation and its effects on nests of threatened grassland birds. Oikos
63:281-288.
Whitcomb, R.F., C.S. Robbins, J.F. Lynch, B.L. Whitcomb, M.K. Klimkiewicz,
and D. Bystrak. 1981. Effects of forest fragmentation on the avifauna of
an eastern deciduous forest. Pp. 125-205 in Forest Island Dynamics
in Man-dominated Landscapes (R.L. Burgess and D.M. Sharpe, eds.). Ecological
Studies no. 41. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Wilcove, D.S. 1985. Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of
migratory songbirds. Ecology 66:1211-1214.
Wilson, R.R., and R.J. Cooper. 1998. Breeding biology of Acadian Flycatchers
in a bottomland hardwood forest. Wilson Bulletin 110:226-232.
Winslow, D.E. 1999. Mechanistic approaches to the investigation of edge
effects on avian productivity. Current Ornithology 15:261-309.
Winslow, D.E., D.R. Whitehead, C. Frazer Whyte, M.A. Koukol, G.M. Greenberg,
and T.B. Ford. 2000. Within-landscape variation in patterns of cowbird parasitism
in the forests of south-central Indiana. Pp. 298-310 in Ecology and
Management of Cowbirds and their Hosts: Studies in the Conservation of North
American Passerine Birds (J.N.M. Smith, T.L. Cook, S.I. Rothstein, S.K.
Robinson, and S.G. Sealy, eds.). University of Texas Press, Austin.
Zimmerman, J.L. 1971. The territory and its density dependent effect in
Spiza americana. Auk 88:591-612.
Zimmerman, J.L. 1983. Cowbird parasitism of Dickcissels in different habitats
and at different nest densities. Wilson Bulletin 95:7-22.