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| Plantain growing in a trail in Beall Woods (Illinois) |
- Evolution and diversity
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- relationship with green algae
- alternation of generations, spores, gametes, zygote
- forests of the Carboniferous Era, fossil fuels
- human uses of plants
- bryophytes (non-vascular plants)
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- gametophyte and sporophyte
- Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
- Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
- Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)
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- moss life cycle, antheridia and archegonia
- vascular plants
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- xylem and phloem
- stomata
- dominant sporophyte
- seedless vascular plants
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- Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses)
- Phylum Sphenophyta (horsetails)
- Phylum Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
- Phylum Pterophyta (ferns)
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- fern life cycle
- fronds
- seed plants
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- pollen grain and female gametophyte, pollination, seed
- dioecy and monoecy
- gymnosperms
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- Phylum Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants)
- Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
- Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo tree)
- Phylum Gnetophyta
- angiosperms (flowering plants)
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- Phylum Anthophyta
- monocots and dicots, cotyledons
- flowers
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- sepals, petals, stamina, anthers, carpel, stigma, ovary
- pollinators, pollen tube
- Structure and organization
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- roots
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- root tip growth
- shoots
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- stems
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- node, internode, axillary bud, apical bud
- underground stems
- leaves
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- gas exchange
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- stomata and guard cells
- photosynthesis
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- chloroplasts
- evergreens and deciduous trees
- petiole
- meristem
- Nutrition and transport
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- soil
- water
- minerals
- turgor pressure
- transpiration
- Hormones and response to environment
- Reproduction